Mohsen Ghane

Reduction of water constructions and installations problems, improvement of construction life, provision, transference, distribution, purification and reservation of water are of the most important matters in urban culture due to the importance of drinkable water supply for cities and villages of the country, considering the increase of need in consumption of water supply. One of the basic troubles of industries and consumers in the whole country is the maintenance of water infrastructure and constructions which cost a fortune to construct and utilize. Through the stage of utilization, preservation of the facility is very important. Through this presentation, we take a look at the subject of corrosion in Water cylinders made of metal, concrete or mixed materials considering past experience. Corrosion is mostly due to an unsuitable environment. Such soluble compounds as sulfur, hydrogen, carbon dioxide etc. in the water accelerates the process of corrosion greatly.

In according to ratification of overview document and forth plan of law, the attention to the field of passive defense will create in conducting level for performing organizations. Although in recently circumstances nobody had no doubt about the necessity of implementation of passive defense for all critical, sensitive and important facilities and areas but till complete establishing of conductive system of research for further information and data for plan performing in all executioner organizations and passive defense culture distribution is on the command of engineer society. This article tried to explain design and conducting methods in the field of passive defense as a crucial artery of ministry of energy including camouflage, deceive, navigation, divorcement, diffuseness and steel structures. Keywords: passive defense, artery, conductive system, energy, field.

Lacking adequate supervision on quality of state wastewater treatment plants causes these materials to enter the environment raw and in most cases with no consolidation and cause lots of losses to the natural environment. Samples: Samples were prepared in plastic cylinders with nearly 14 cm diameter and 50 cm height. Silica sand was poured into cylinders in three layers, bottom to up and tiny to coarse. Aligoudarz wastewater treatment plant was used for irrigation of lysimeters. On one hand, the operation of four-seed powder together with silica sand was remarkable in decreasing the number of coliforms. And removal efficiency for total coliforms and fecal coliforms were 98% and 99%, respectively. Using this method in refining urban wastewater can increase wastewater microbial quality to the high degree and can be used in agricultural land, feeding underground water resources, entering surface water, green space irrigation and using in car washes and etc.

In many regions in Iran, groundwater is withdrawn in an exceeded manner. In more than 200 plainsfrom 620 plainsin this country, the level of groundwater is declining. Since 1972, artificial feeding projects have become a major concern with the objective of maintaining the balance of groundwater. As to the structure and construct, it can be claimed that the most common methods of artificial feeding structures the basin and earthworks applied. The water price per m³varies in various areas, whilein the West of Iran, where due to high precipitation water abundance is prevailing, thus, lower price compared to arid and semi-arid areas. According to this study, the average price of extracted water per m³ is about 500 Rls. The findings of this study indicate that, in many aquifers (about 200 aquifers) the groundwater withdrawal should be reduced. The artificial feeding projects should be implemented in areas that have been subject to study and are economically efficient. It is recommended to consider the issues related with hydrogeology and hydrology in these studies and to discharge the sediments periodically in order to enhance the efficiency of the projects. Since the aquifers are very deep in Iran,by considering the volume of pores, the feeding should be in a volume that it may increase the groundwater level.

Abstract: Contrary to Euclidean geometrical figures, fractals are chaotic and randomly generated. These figures are chaotic in all parts and this chaos is similar in all scales. The current study is aimed to investigate relative humidity using fractal dynamism of geomorphic filed of Shiraz Province. Then, climate elements are analyzed to separate the geomorphic filed of the whole region. Ultimately, algebraic analysis tries to examine tension between geoclimatic elements including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. at the mentioned stage, the effect of tension on relative humidity is evaluated since 40-year statistics have shown that any of the mentioned elements have the ability to combined spin. Therefore, structures of the mentioned elements help climatic indices to stay in thermodynamic equilibrium. Results have shown that fractal changes of humidity in cybernetics along with geomorphic condition of Shiraz district may distort Bakhtegan geomorphic balance. On the other hand, according to fractal status of relative humidity in terms of material and energy balance, the mentioned domain may get unbalanced under the effect of Fasa geomorphic domain and then move towards Persian Gulf base-level.
Keywords: Fractal, Relative humidity, Domain, Shiraz geomorphic domain

The flow duration curve (FDC) of a riveris one of the important parameters for the hydrological investigation of hydroelectric plants. Computation of the hydroelectric plant capacity and power production requires the determination of relative and cumulative frequenciesof different river discharges. Ab-Terki is one of the sub-basins of Bazoft River, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, next to Koohrang basin. It is located between eastern longitudes of 49ᵒ54' to 50ᵒ 5' and northern latitudes of 32ᵒ 19' to 32ᵒ 24'. Morphological conditions, sloping limestone structures, and characteristics of karstic cracks in the basin have led to the formation of large springs in the eastern and western foothills of Zardkooh Mountain. In order to determine the FDCs of Ab-Terki River,3-year daily discharge and 24-year mean monthly discharge of Gooshe-pol station were used. Then, the probabilities of discharges were analyzed using Hyfa and Rank Plot numerical codes and finally, the discharge of Ab-Terki River corresponding to 95% probability was determined.

Abstract: Shortage of food and water resources resulted from climatic crises has alarmed people around the world, in particular that the rain-watered agriculture and vegetation of natural resources suffer from the irregular rainfall in most of the water years. Drought and wetness year causes significant impacts on water resources, crops, commerce, trade and in general, economy and political crises. Give the fact that some countries like Iran are located in the dry belt of the world their rainfall pattern possess unique features: low intensity and high fluctuation. The persistent negative fluctuations of precipitation lead to drought characterized by different severity which imposes extensive damage on ecological and economic condition of the affected areas. Therefore, in this paper the comprehensive review of drought indices is presented and the advantages and disadvantages related to each index is discussed enabling policy makers to manage drought effectively.
Keywords: Drought, Precipitation, Ecological, Rainfall

Abstract: The Hoor-Al-Azim wetland, with an area with more than 450,000 hectares, is an environmental ecosystem and one of the most important diverse wetlands in Iran and internationally, because its hydrological, biological and ecological systems play a critical role in the life of the surrounding region. Due to limited rainfall, part of this wetland has dried up and the wetland’s natural environment has been destroyed, because of the increase in drought episodes and increase in human activities and anthropogenic intervention in recent years. One of the most damaging factors of Hoorhs been the exploration of oil fields and drilling of oil wells since 2000. This study aims to assess the impact of anthropogenic intervention on the microclimate of the wetland caused by drilling company’s activities on the Hoor-Al-Azim wetland ecosystem. To this end, an investigation of thechanges in microclimatic and water quality parameters of the area was conducted for a twenty-yearperiod (1991-2010). Results showed that the area’s microclimatic factors have changed in a negative direction. The amount of evaporation, warming, and sunshine duration atHoorshave increased, whereas precipitation and relative humidity have decreased. The Hoor-Al-Azim has been destroyed during this period and its areal extent has been reduced. These negative impacts are expected to cause insecurity for the flora and fauna environment and increase disorder in the region.
Keywords: Hoor-Al-Azim, microclimate, water quality, drilling activities.

Abstract: Forests are one of the most valuable wealth on the earth planet and are living place for animals and plants, so protecting of them is an important and necessary order. One of the main reasons of forest annihilation is not controlled fires that destroy wide areas of forest and cause desertification. Remote sensing and GIS can be so much beneficial for studying Fire risk. In this research we investigated fire risk in protected forests in Central Alborz that has occurred every year and caused to plenty of damages. In this research Fire Risk method was used which included gradient environment factors, gradient direction and vegetation cover. Eventually area’s fire risk maps were prepared which had weak relation with previous fire data and this point demonstrates low efficiency of presented model.
Keywords: Remote Sensing and GIS, Forest, Fire Risk Model, Fire Risk, Central Alborz’s Forest.

Abstract: Erg of Gavkhooni Playa is one of the important geomorphologic landforms of Quaternary period in Iran. The area is located on the western part of Gaovkhoni Playa and 140 km to the Southeast of Isfahan, Iran. This study presents a display of landform of Erg and the area has been divided into three parts (North-Central and South). The objective of this study is to identify geomorphologic facieses by GIS t and RS. The research method is a processing technique such as basis analyzing, a composite of panchromatic band with multi-spectral band, to examine line spectral curved, to examine optimum composites using an enhancement method such as filtering and contrast. As a result, to display sand landforms and geomorphologic facieses such as Barkhan, Safe, Star hill, playa’s facieses, Skirt and Delta, Sand Zone and the sediment between the hills and geomorphologic landform map are based on Erg of Gavkhoni Playa and geomorphologic facieses of the area.
Keywords: Erg Govkhooni Playa, Erg morphology, land sat images, geomorphologic map.

1. INTRODUCTION In order to reach the land cover graph on a global and regional scale, accessing updated field data are usually difficult and limited, since such data are collected from accessible places at a generally small level and at different intervals which vary from one another in terms of type and credit. Using conventional and traditional methods of harvesting and measuring earth requires a lot of time and money, and still, is impossible to perform in some difficult-to-pass areas. The use of satellite imagery is of particular importance due to special features such as wide vision, low cost, use of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to record the properties of phenomena, aperiod of a short return, the possibility of automatic analysis, faster investigation and the possibility of monitoring the region. Remote sensing data with features such as frequent imaging at low intervals, vastness of land cover surface detected by sensors, proper spectral and spatial separation; provide a suitable tool for the landcover graph. Today's advances provide significant opportunities and achievements for observing and managing the rapid growth of cities in remote sensing and geographic information systems. One of the characteristics of remote sensing sensors is as patial resolution. Each sensor with different spatial resolution is used in a different application. In recent years images from high-resolution sensors have been considered as one of the newly used achievements in remote

Determine the flow resistance parameters are important in hydraulic calculations of mountain area with steep slops. The purpose of this study is investigation the effect of slope, speed, depth and size of roughness on the manning roughness coefficient in this shallow stream region. This is an experimental study about manning roughness determined for mountain areas covered by particles in three different sizes and three gradients for different hydraulic conditions in a flume of 8.3m long, 0.8m width and 0.5m height under bed slope of 0.0005. At the end of flow changes against the Manning roughness coefficient are shown, which includes above hydraulic parameters and discussed.
Keywords: Shallow waters; Manning coefficient; Mountain areas

Abstract: Accurate data and timely information regarding the existing land-uses is needed to manage the natural landscapes effectively. The information related to land-use changes constitutes the basic element in management of natural resources. In fact, the awareness about patterns of land-use changes is conductive of ecosystem toward balance. Therefore, the need to detect, plan and predict such changes in an ecosystem is of great importance. In order to discover these changes, the application of multi-temporal remote sensing data (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) provides the possibility of valuable analysis. In this paper, two images, i.e. ETM+ 2002 and OLI 2015 were used for Zanjan city. To map the pattern of changes, at first the coordinates of two images were integrated, andafter the atmospheric corrections, the considered area was classified to four classes including residential areas, road network, vegetation and other regions using the maximum likelihood method. Then,Post classification and overlapping methods were used to detect changes. The results show that the urban expansion has increased during 13 years. The expansion of Zanjan City has been inclined more toward north and north –west affecting the barren lands, while the garden lands in the south has been less influenced by urban expansion. Keywords: Change detection, Land-use, Remote sensing, GIS, Landsat, Zanjan city

In order to optimize the usage of water in agriculture, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems, especially those of surface irrigation. One of the steps to be made to achieve this goal is the optimal design of surface irrigation. It this article the design variables of furrow irrigation, that includes length of furrow, inflow rate and irrigation time (time of cutoff), were calculated to minimize the irrigation costs, the objective function, and to obtain a maximum application efficiency. The objective function encompasses water, labor, head ditch and furrow digging (ditch constructions) costs. Labor cost is irrigation time's function and the latter is dependent on water advance period in the furrows. Therefore, it is necessary for the objective function to apply explicit and accurate equation in order to calculate time of advance. Because in none of the accurate methods for furrow irrigation design, such as zero-inertia modeling, the advance time is explicitly calculated, therefore in this research the equation obtained by Valiantzas, which he extracted from the results of zero-inertia modeling, was used. In the objective function in addition to the design variables the specifications of soil, furrow and net irrigation requirement also exist. Therefore, it is possible to calculate design variables and afterwards the irrigation efficiency for different soil types and plant types. In this article this task was performed with different soil types and in accordance with different requirements for irrigation and the results are presented in the tables.

The entrance of pollutants from human activities to the surface water has seriously threatened the quality of water. TDS is an important qualitative parameter of water that describes the water salinity by measuring the concentration of total dissolved solids. First, using TDS and discharge data of the Cuyahoga River, Ohio, the partial and annual data sets were obtained. Then, partial data with three thresholds of n, 1.64n and 2n, in which n is the number of statistical years were developed and using the Hyfa Software, the frequency distribution of the data series was done. The results showed that for most cases, the two-parameter Log-normal distribution is the best distribution. Finally, for model validation, the error corresponding to each estimation was first calculated in comparison to the real data for the corresponding return periods. Then, 1.64n partial series was considered as the optimum method suggested by Hasking and a comparison was made between the estimates and this optimum series. The results showed that the series with a length of 2n was closest to the optimum case.

Sewage before treatment causesharm to the environment through pollution of water, soil, air sources and all things that matter for better living. Infection through crude sewage disposal in the environment can cause epidemic and spread of dangerous diseases. Further, it also infects water and soil sources through organic and mineral substances and heavy metals, which can cause irrecoverable damage through diseases like cancer in humans and animals in the long run. Sewage treatment leadingto recyclable water for agricultural use affairs and green space. This is of extraordinary importance in arid reasons because of finite amount of recoverable water even in rainy years.
Keywords: Sewage, Environment, Heavy Metals

To design and construct mosthydraulic structures, e.g. dams, it is essential to determine watershed runoff. If a watershed lacks any gaging station, thenhydrologic models can be utilized to estimate runoff. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widelyusedcomputerwatershed models. In this model, we need to input meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity;as well as watershed data, including curvenumberandroughness coefficient, to calculate the watershed runoff. Some watershedshave weather stations, but there is a risk that the recordeddataof a station do not represent the whole watershed and the use of such data may cause error. Consequently, the error of estimated runoff error needs to be determined. This study deals with the sensitivity of runoff estimatedusing the SWAT model to the variations in meteorological parameters, such as precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity, and temperature. Results indicate that with a 30% decrease in the average monthly precipitation, sunshine, relative humidity, wind and temperature, we witness,respectively,a 64.27% decrease, 114.67% increase, 45.93% decrease, 126.12% increase, and 39.21% increase in the estimated runoff.. Runoff estimation is found to be most sensitive to wind speed and solar radiation,and least sensitive to temperature.

Abstract: In order to design and construct many of the hydraulic structures such as dams, there is a need to determine the amount of river discharge. In rivers without gauging stations, it is necessary to calculate their inflows by using the hydrological models. SWAT is one of the numerical models that are widely used for this purpose.
For calculating the basin discharge, the model requires effective metrological data such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and relative humidity on the one hand, and the data related to the basin surface such as curve number and roughness coefficient on the other hand.
In this research, Kasillian River discharge has been calculated as a case study and has been verified using data from Valikben hydrometric station, which is placed at the basin outlet. Furthermore, the impact of each input data on the calculation of water flow has also been studied.
Keywords: SWAT, River Discharge, Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Wind Speed, Temperature

Abstract: Water and soil are the most important natural resources, which have a major role in the establishment and survival of human civilization. For this matter, studying water and soil resources is significantly important. These resources have been damaged by human interference, which can be problematic for the continuation of human lives. The aim of this study is to investigate an appropriate location for creating a modified dam along canals in order to reduce erosion and sedimentation and their damaging effects. In this research, the intended layers were prepared in the ARC GIS software. In a tree model prepared in ILWIS, the geographical and economic factors and limitations were taken into consideration. The map of the factors and limitations was standardized. The weight of each layer was given through the Fuzzy Logic and Boolean method accordant with a, expert’s opinion. At last, by integrating the layers of the final map in which the geographical priorities for building a stone-concrete dam along the canal are displayed. The results show that the SMCE method is best for a location.
Keywords: modified dams, geographical multi-variable assessment, Golpayegan, stone-concrete dam

In various achieves of provincial organizations' primary scrutiny, in addition to a mere case, no studies in the field of meteorology have been obtained. Moreover, the only report relates to the study of Hardin watershed (the northern region), which was done by Jahan watershed management in Kermanshah Province in 1993.
Therefore, it is commonly used to compile the following report. Qaleh Jouq watershed district with an area of 5639 hectares (39.66 km²) is located in 50 km east of Kermanshah and 5 km north of Harsin. It is possible to access this watershed through Kermanshah-Harsin asphalt road. In addition, access to it is possible from another by-way.

With increased construction and reduced amount of suitable ground, humankind has considered the stabilization of weak soils to use them. In this investigation, the effect of synthetic fibers and resins on soil stabilization during recent years has been studies which indicates the closeness of textiles science with soil engineers; and the suitable effect of fibers in soil stabilization.Improving weak soils unsuitable for application in attics, foundations, road beds, dams, and … in order to create soil configuration with desired engineering properties is referred to as “soil stabilization and reinforcement”. The phenomenon of using fibers to improve behavioral characteristics of various materials is an old idea. As shown by Hongu and Philips in their New Fibers, 4000 years ago, human beings used fibers as a strengthening component in soil. Also, the use of fibers in the Great Wall of China supports the argument that the knowledge of textile engineers, since ancient times, along with civil engineers, has been their assistant in improving the useful life of various structures. To prevent such subsidence and/or other weak mechanical properties, specific techniques need to be applied to improve such properties. Designers have always used mechanical processes such as compaction, drainage by sandy wells, and consolidation, and chemical processes such as modification and stabilization or the use of reinforcing components in order to increase soil strength. Natural soil at project sites is not always suitable for use and it is possible that due to load application, considerable subsidence occurs in low quality soils.
Keywords: Soil Stabilization, Weak Soils, Fibers

The importance of watershed management can be specified in its goals vista. Watershed management can be defined in managing the watershed basins in order to maintain, revival and principled utilization of them. The floodwater control plan of Kangavar urban area was being studied by experts in watershed management study office of construction organization of Kermanshah province due to its special priority. Briefly, this plan was performed in two primary parts including base studies and preparing executive plan. Base studies were done by using topography map, statistics, necessary information and field surveys and the executive plan was being created by using general conclusion of base studies, aerial photos and field control. The considerable tip here which is necessary to mention is the close contribution of related offices such as: natural resources, municipality, government, agriculture and environment office to the construction organization in different executive steps of plans and the most important of all is to maintain them.
Keywords: Executive phase, floodwater control, Kangavar

Abstract: Accurate data and timely information regarding the existing land-uses is needed to manage the natural landscapes effectively. The information related to land-use changes constitutes the basic element in management of natural resources. In fact, the awareness about patterns of land-use changes is conductive of ecosystem toward balance. Therefore, the need to detect, plan and predict such changes in an ecosystem is of great importance. In order to discover these changes, the application of multi-temporal remote sensing data (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) provides the possibility of valuable analysis. In this paper, two images, i.e. ETM+ 2002 and OLI 2015 were used for Zanjan city. To map the pattern of changes, at first the coordinates of two images were integrated, andafter the atmospheric corrections, the considered area was classified to four classes including residential areas, road network, vegetation and other regions using the maximum likelihood method. Then,Post classification and overlapping methods were used to detect changes. The results show that the urban expansion has increased during 13 years. The expansion of Zanjan City has been inclined more toward north and north –west affecting the barren lands, while the garden lands in the south has been less influenced by urban expansion. Keywords: Change detection, Land-use, Remote sensing, GIS, Landsat, Zanjan city

ABSTRACT This article summaries the effects of water resource advance on the natural science of the arid zones Such hydrological variations caused of a obvious degradation of the situation, secondary salinization and desertification of terrestrial in the whole of basin Such deviations are principally attributable to the waste of water resources The main approaches mandatory to steady the environment and preserve maintainable progress of these basins, include general scheduling, which takes into attention to the benefits of the superior, central and minor scopes, rational spreading and use of water resources, and organization of relations between financial progress and safety of the environment.While climate change occurs over time and place. The global climate image stagnated over the last 2000 years. Therefore, the current desirability phenomenon should be attributed to human intervention and the application of new technology, not to drought. Although this is not the reason why the long-term drought has not accelerated desertification. Problems caused by mismanagement of water resources in different land testing systems can be solved by appropriately using appropriate water-proofing techniques, water conservation, the use of advanced irrigation solutions, salt control, runoff management and flood control. Made Each of the classified techniques can increase productivity and may stop desertification or change its processes and ultimately lead to degradation. These techniques can be used in seven earth systems. In general, the majority of water resource management techniques mentioned in this article have a light desertification potential. Watershed conservation, desalination and drainage control and agriculture are exceptionally runoff and have a moderate to high potential for land degradation. Most of the techniques used in centralized or semi-centralized utilization systems are good start ups and high returns, and their costs are modest to high Keywords: Water Extraction, Desertification, Water Conservation, Water Resources Management, Degradation; Drylands; Land degradation; Sustainable land management; combat desertification

Abstract: Seepage problem and channel transition efficiency is one of the most important issues in managing and exploiting irrigation networks. Seepage rate should be minimized in the design and construction of irrigation channels. Anyway several methods have been represented to calculate seepage rate. Some methods that are numeral have their own complexity, and some methods are empirical. Due to the fact that the nature of the flow in the channels and the seepage of the walls are spatially varied flow, in this study, the governing dynamical equation is used and combined with the Chahar and Swamee equation. The final differential equation is solved by finite difference method (FDM), and the depth and flow rates of different cross sections of a channel are obtained. From the difference of flow rate in two cross sections, the seepage flow rate can be calculated. The information required for this method is the flow rate and flow depth at a downstream control channel, the hydraulic conductivity of the channel bed, the geometric characteristics of the channel, and the distance between the water table and the bottom of the channel. This model can be used for calculation of the transmission efficiency too.
Keywords: seepage, transition efficiency, the spatially varied flow

This article summaries the effects of water resource advance on the natural science of the arid zones Such hydrological variations caused of a obvious degradation of the situation, secondary salinization and desertification of terrestrial in the whole of basin Such deviations are principally attributable to the waste of water resources The main approaches mandatory to steady the environment and preserve maintainable progress of these basins, include general scheduling, which takes into attention to the benefits of the superior, central and minor scopes, rational spreading and use of water resources, and organization of relations between financial progress and safety of the environment.While climate change occurs over time and place. The global climate image stagnated over the last 2000 years. Therefore, the current desirability phenomenon should be attributed to human intervention and the application of new technology, not to drought. Although this is not the reason why the long-term drought has not accelerated desertification. Problems caused by mismanagement of water resources in different land testing systems can be solved by appropriately using appropriate water-proofing techniques, water conservation, the use of advanced irrigation solutions, salt control, runoff management and flood control. Made Each of the classified techniques can increase productivity and may stop desertification or change its processes and ultimately lead to degradation. These techniques can be used in seven earth systems. In general, the majority of water resource management techniques mentioned in this article have a light desertification potential. Watershed conservation, desalination and drainage control and agriculture are exceptionally runoff and have a moderate to high potential for land degradation. Most of the techniques used in centralized or semi-centralized utilization systems are good start ups and high returns, and their costs are modest to high Keywords: Water Extraction, Desertification, Water Conservation, Water Resources Management, Degradation; Drylands; Land degradation; Sustainable land management; combat desertification

In this paper, the processes of precipitation, surface flow characteristics and groundwater table status in arid and desert regions have been investigated and compared with wet areas. Local spatial distribution of rainfall on a local scale is significantly affected by the reaction of atmospheric processes. From the qualitative point of view, these processes are similar in arid regions with wet areas, but certain aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and time and spatial variability are often characteristic of most arid regions. Considering that the surface flow in the watersheds consists of two different types of groundwater flow and drainage flow. Investigating the spatial distribution of flood in different directions of the basin is not the priority of hydrologic studies and only provides for flood decomposition maps. From the point of view of the flood discharges, it is studied. The flood water is in the dry and desert regions of the sharp tip, with a steep and sloping branch with a steep slope. The variation coefficient of maximum annual flood discharge in arid areas is higher than that for wet areas. Channels are mostly seasonal or flooded in arid areas, and the flow of zero in a number of months makes flood analysis of monthly data difficult. That is why it can be found in arid and semi-arid regions that make up a large part of Iran. The annual maximum flow rate of flooding is used only for analyzing sustained floods. In low humidity regions, low flow analyzes will result in a minimum flow rate with expected return periods and minimize the problems encountered in hydroelectricity, aquatic ecosystems and water supply. Due to the abundance of zero currents in arid regions, flow analysis is not common. Undue harvesting of groundwater in arid areas causes landslip, land leakage, and, consequently, desertification. In addition, the annual rainfall is low. The rainfall intensity is extremely high and the low soil permeability is mainly due to lack of vegetation and high evapotranspiration, which causes the aquifers to be fed niggling. In the upper reaches of the watershed, due to the slope of the land, the subject becomes acuter and, in addition to erosion of the soil, causes a lot of financial and human damage to the bottom of the basin. For the retrospective climate simulation, consequences were contrasted to a perceived gridded climatology of temperature and precipitation, and gridded hydrologic variables resulting from forcing the hydrologic model with observations. Tree-ring data donate to a better comprehension of the nature of past climatic alternations. For most of these zones, rainfall peculiarities tend to be related with departures in the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic fields that correlate with the template alters in the annual alternation of dry and rainy seasons. The interannual mutability of climate and excursion thus become visible mainly as increment and decrement of the annual cycle. The model assessment leads to some assurance in the trustworthiness of the modeled climate. The wide-scale dispensation of territorial ecosystem complexes is defined in large part by climate and can be varied by climatic alter due to natural causes or due to human processes such as those leading to increasing atmospheric CO2 close attention. systematizations that identify the affiliation of natural vegetation on climate prepare one means of constructing maps to show the effect of climatic change on the geography of major vegetation areas. The drying attitudes are qualitatively stable with other analyses and model prognosis, which propose more severe drying in the coming decades. Strategic-scale evaluations of climate alter efffects are often assumed using the change factor methodology whereby future varies in climate projected by General Circulation Models are used to a baseline climatology. One of the main concerns with a possible vary in climate is that an enhance in utmost events will happen. Model output has been examined that displays alternations in great events for future climates, such as enhances in maximum high temperatures, reduces in extreme low temperatures, and enhances in severe precipitation events. as well as, the societal substructure is becoming more responsive to weather and climate extremes, which would be deteriorated by climate change. In wild plants and animals, climate-induced extinctions, distributional and phenological alters, and species' range shifts are being recorded at an enhancing rate. Several evidently gradual biological alters are linked to answers to extreme weather and climate incidents.

In this paper, the processes of precipitation, surface flow characteristics and groundwater table status in arid and desert regions have been investigated and compared with wet areas. Local spatial distribution of rainfall on a local scale is significantly affected by the reaction of atmospheric processes. From the qualitative point of view, these processes are similar in arid regions with wet areas, but certain aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and time and spatial variability are often characteristic of most arid regions. Considering that the surface flow in the watersheds consists of two different types of groundwater flow and drainage flow. Investigating the spatial distribution of flood in different directions of the basin is not the priority of hydrologic studies and only provides for flood decomposition maps. From the point of view of the flood discharges, it is studied. The flood water is in the dry and desert regions of the sharp tip, with a steep and sloping branch with a steep slope. The variation coefficient of maximum annual flood discharge in arid areas is higher than that for wet areas. Channels are mostly seasonal or flooded in arid areas, and the flow of zero in a number of months makes flood analysis of monthly data difficult. That is why it can be found in arid and semi-arid regions that make up a large part of Iran. The annual maximum flow rate of flooding is used only for analyzing sustained floods. In low humidity regions, low flow analyzes will result in a minimum flow rate with expected return periods and minimize the problems encountered in hydroelectricity, aquatic ecosystems and water supply. Due to the abundance of zero currents in arid regions, flow analysis is not common. Undue harvesting of groundwater in arid areas causes landslip, land leakage, and, consequently, desertification. In addition, the annual rainfall is low. The rainfall intensity is extremely high and the low soil permeability is mainly due to lack of vegetation and high evapotranspiration, which causes the aquifers to be fed niggling. In the upper reaches of the watershed, due to the slope of the land, the subject becomes acuter and, in addition to erosion of the soil, causes a lot of financial and human damage to the bottom of the basin. For the retrospective climate simulation, consequences were contrasted to a perceived gridded climatology of temperature and precipitation, and gridded hydrologic variables resulting from forcing the hydrologic model with observations. Tree-ring data donate to a better comprehension of the nature of past climatic alternations. For most of these zones, rainfall peculiarities tend to be related with departures in the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic fields that correlate with the template alters in the annual alternation of dry and rainy seasons. The interannual mutability of climate and excursion thus become visible mainly as increment and decrement of the annual cycle. The model assessment leads to some assurance in the trustworthiness of the modeled climate. The wide-scale dispensation of territorial ecosystem complexes is defined in large part by climate and can be varied by climatic alter due to natural causes or due to human processes such as those leading to increasing atmospheric CO2 close attention. systematizations that identify the affiliation of natural vegetation on climate prepare one means of constructing maps to show the effect of climatic change on the geography of major vegetation areas. The drying attitudes are qualitatively stable with other analyses and model prognosis, which propose more severe drying in the coming decades. Strategic-scale evaluations of climate alter efffects are often assumed using the change factor methodology whereby future varies in climate projected by General Circulation Models are used to a baseline climatology. One of the main concerns with a possible vary in climate is that an enhance in utmost events will happen. Model output has been examined that displays alternations in great events for future climates, such as enhances in maximum high temperatures, reduces in extreme low temperatures, and enhances in severe precipitation events. as well as, the societal substructure is becoming more responsive to weather and climate extremes, which would be deteriorated by climate change. In wild plants and animals, climate-induced extinctions, distributional and phenological alters, and species' range shifts are being recorded at an enhancing rate. Several evidently gradual biological alters are linked to answers to extreme weather and climate incidents.

Abstract
In this article, the figure of passive systems in modern plans has
been considered. Actuality, some of these Reservoirs are offered to be
made inside a crowd area without having an exclusion area. However,
it may be arduous or inconceivable to incorporate passive systems
largely in large size reservoirs, but could be well fit into tiny and
mediocre sized reservoirs. The security of progressive reservoirs is
pursuant to the latest thinking, regulatory alters, security aims, and
peril evaluation propositions. These are considered in this article.
The available article contains all sorts, meanings, and opinions of
reservoirs offered to date, so as to simplify analogy and resolution
the many of plans. This deep-rooted narrow understanding of this
defense system has resulted in excessive attention on the reservoirs.
Organization with passive defense method prepares the feasibility
to keep down the diminution and deletion of many obstacles by
considering the concepts of passive defense to exclude the harms
when happening menances while amending situations. This article
was managed applying overview procedure to detect a solution for
retrofitting of reservoir structures against earthquake and explosive
burdens. In the following, we study the methods of passive defense
of reservoirs in terms of Site Selection, camouflage, deception and
dispersion.
Keywords: Passive Defense; Reservoirs; Security; Site Selection;
peril evaluation;

— The relationship between crop production and amount of evapotranspiration is very important to agronomists, engineers, economists, and water resources planners. These relationships are often determined using classical least square regression (LSR). However, one needs high amount of samples to determine probability distribution function. Linear regression also requires so many measurements to obtain the valid estimates of crop production function coefficients. In addition, deriving ET-yield regression for each crop and each district is usually expensive, since lysimetric experiments should be repeated for several years for each crop. The object of this study is to introduce a fuzzy linear regression as an alternative approach to statistical regression analysis in determining coefficients of ET-yield relations for each crop and each district with minimum data. The application of possibilistic regression has been examined with a case study. Two data set for winter wheat in Loss Plateau of China and North China Plain have been used. The current finding shows capability of possibilistic regression in estimation of crop yield in data shortage conditions.

Zayandeh Rood Basin, Iran is a basin with many environmental hazard threats. In last years, analysts have concentrated on building an extent of strategic responses to raise the ability of communities and businesses to control and meliorate from natural catastrophes. The experiment from each new tension adds further to the procedure of risk management. This article inspects how they belayed for, and recuperated from, the incident. Perhaps not astonishingly, it represents their exposures and absence of readiness for dealing with a risk of this dignity. Then again, it proves the resilience of real-world managers and their confidence on an aggregate experiment to operate their own improvement. In periods in which hazard management has been under drastic press to indicate effectiveness and cost-efficiency. These threats function in environmental disasters with terrible reaction such as damage of human properties, disruption to human livelihood activities and the bother imposed on economy. So, hazard management is essential for solution these repercussions. Moreover, multi-hazards are associated with desertification, earthquake, and aridity, similar any other nation, Iran is imperiled by many environmental risk menaces and such menaces can peak in environmental catastrophes with massive reactions such as loss of people's lives, destruction of national assets, an outage of a man-made building, dangers overhanging mass population, etc. In this case, the integrated approach uses the Arc GIS to create individual map layers that describe the spatial distribution of a parameter describing the intensity of the hazards. In this study, the intensity of the hazards threat is classified into 5 classes based on scale. In last years, increasing population and development of settlements and lifelines over perilous zones have mostly increased the effect of natural catastrophes both in industrialized and developing countries. The classes and range values include 'very high', 'high', 'moderate', 'low' and finally 'very low'. As the study area, the Zayandeh Rood Basin (Z.R.B) was selected into 10km grids. The parameters explain the hazard threats, their areal extents and densities, were determined for each grid. So, each layer map of a particular hazard and risk layer shows the spatial distribution of that particular hazard threat. In this research, each layer of the hazard threat and risk map was integrated using the Arc GIS integration analysis based on parameters. More importantly, the SWAT analysis shows the spatial distribution based on parameters of hazards and risk parameters in a grid cell, as well as showing the basin as the table whole that could result in efforts made to alleviate many hazards in the future. This approach in hazard management assessment would significantly contribute to any efforts associated to develop early warning systems incorporating hard and soft measures in a high-and very high-intensity hazard threat areas. This article evaluates some of the items relevant to the performance of diverse GIS conveniences with respect to terrain-related risks dominant in Isfahan, with specific reference to landslides

In this article, the figure of passive systems in modern plans has been considered. Actuality, some of these Reservoirs are offered to be made inside a crowd area without having an exclusion area. However, it may be arduous or inconceivable to incorporate passive systems largely in large size reservoirs, but could be well fit into tiny and mediocre sized reservoirs. The security of progressive reservoirs is pursuant to the latest thinking, regulatory alters, security aims, and peril evaluation propositions. These are considered in this article. The available article contains all sorts, meanings, and opinions of reservoirs offered to date, so as to simplify analogy and resolution the many of plans. This deep-rooted narrow understanding of this defense system has resulted in excessive attention on the reservoirs. Organization with passive defense method prepares the feasibility to keep down the diminution and deletion of many obstacles by considering the concepts of passive defense to exclude the harms when happening menances while amending situations. This article was managed applying overview procedure to detect a solution for retrofitting of reservoir structures against earthquake and explosive burdens. In the following, we study the methods of passive defense of reservoirs in terms of Site Selection, camouflage, deception and dispersion.

The historical and old texture of the cities of our country, which often makes the main and primary core of these cities, in one side, is the part of the cultural and historical heritage of those cities, which preserving, improving and also functional empowering of them are inevitable. And on the other side, most of these tissues after the time, due to no enough attention and also inadequate keeping, affected by exhaustion and physical and functional fractures.
In this research, after identifying the potential and identity factors of the historical texture of Gaz city which because of lack of attention and inappropriate maintenance, suffered by physical and functional burnout, so in this research it has suggested some solution to restore and organize this texture. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method, this study at first, in the context of library studies, collected some information sources and texts and then analyzed the results. The results of this research show that the frazzle texture of Gaz city, which contains the main historical identity part of the city, requires more attention and consideration for solving these problems. So presented some ways for improving of environmental qualities, promoting of spatial and physical attractiveness, preservation and revival of identity the historical identity of the city and finally presenting better service to the residents of the place.
Keywords: Organizing, Worn Texture, Urban Identity, Gaz-Borkhar;

Sustainable security and development by damage reduction methods in areas with water shortage of the country can play a very effective role in the development of aquatic environments, as it is one of the indicators for sustainable development of clean and healthy water supply that it is possible to neutralize its effects when water damage is reduced. In this article, addressing new and effective methods in this field have tried to have a new perspective on this issue and on secure providing clean and healthy drinking water. Keywords: Sustainable Development, water shortage, Saving Methods, Security, Chabahar water shortage

In order to design and construct hydraulic structures, such as dams, there is a need to determine the amount of river discharge. In ungauged watersheds, it is necessary to calculate their inflows through hydrological simulation. SWAT is one of the numerical models that is widely used for such purposes. For calculating the basin discharge, the model requires meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed,solar radiation and relative humidity, as well as physiographic data related to the basin surface, such as curve number and roughness coefficient. In this research, the Kasillian watershed in Iran has been used for hydrological simulation based on the SWAT model and the river discharge has been verified using data from Valikben hydrometric station, located at the basin outlet. Furthermore, the impact of each input data on the calculation of water flow has also been examined. Specifically, with an increase of 13.43 percent in the curve number and 0.15 in the overland roughness coefficient of the basin the simulated value of the average monthly discharge 2.52 and 0.01 percent closer to the observed average discharge value. Using all the meteorological parameters, the average mean discharge of the period increased with an error of 14.32 percent.
Keywords: SWAT, river discharge, curve number, roughness coefficient, meteorological parameters.

Social cohesion includes the conditions under which different people and social groups are matched to environmental changes and values governing the society. The main objective of this study was to identify the factors affecting the promotion of districts’ social dimensions in multicultural groups.
For this purpose, firstly the documentary and library methodologies with
systemic review of relevant references were used to identify the main
parameters of social cohesion. Then, the conceptual model of social cohesion was developed by using the comparative method. Consequently, Jouybareh District in Isfahan was selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted to study social cohesion among the Muslims and Jews of this district. The results indicated a significant relationship between social cohesion, social justice, and social capital. In addition, the results showed thatJews had more social cohesion than Muslims.
KEYWORDS: Social Cohesion, Jouybareh District, Muslims, Jews, Social
Justice.

Detection of urbanization effect to understand climate change is important. Urbanization effect on air temperature in Zayanderud river basin was evaluated using weather stations network. Map of the temperature trend was generated using full dataset and rural stations to visualize warming trends. A comparative analysis was carried out to estimate urban heat island effect. The result indicated that overall warming trend in the basin is 0.012°C year-1 and the contribution of urban warming to total temperature change was estimated to be 17%. Variation of urban warming throughout the basin was 0-0.016°C year-1. The centre of a basin with a large UHI effect by 0.006-0.016°C year-1 is more influenced by urbanization. Records of hemispheric mean temperatures from ground areas for the past 100 years prepare pivotal input to the argument over global warming. Contrary to precise apply of the basic station data in some of these collections of hemispheric temperature, there have been proposals that a ration of the 0.5°C warming seen on a century timescale may be related to urbanization affections-local warming caused by the effects of urban enlargement. The consequences display that the urbanization affection in two of the most widely used hemispheric data sets is, at most, an order of quantity less than the warming seen on a century timescale. The climatic alternations of the temperature are considered. Gridded temperature data are necessary to run ecological models at regional scales for climate impact studies and have been generated by spatially incorporating preceded values at synoptic stations.

Sometimes roads and streets in the cities and villages of the country are witnessing numerous excavations by institutions and municipal and service organizations, including municipalities, power departments, telecommunications, and more. These drills are new for various reasons, such as the establishment of pipelines for water transport, sewerage, gas, and even the transfer and distribution of petroleum fuels, including crude oil, and in fact for the construction and installation of winding and cable laying, or because of damaged pipes and cables under the soil, drilling, excavating, changing and repairing the grid is done.
Keywords: Crisis Management; Passive Defense; Critical ArteriesCASE

Water Resources have close relationship with precipitation and runoff in the watershed, and rainfall that coming on watershed, support water consuming by plants. Drinking water, industry and agriculture from ways including infiltration in soil, surface and subsurface flow. On this basis, studies about rainfall and ground water has been aimed in Bouin watershed with area 290.95 Km2 Located in Isfahan province. This watershed has a good situation from rainfall and surface and ground water aspects in Isfahan province. But in some recent years because of annual and rainfall reduction over exploration of water resources, resulting in water shortage in agriculture thus it is necessary that to investigate rainfall changes, wet and dry period predication and their effects on water resources changes (surface and ground water). In this study , with investigation of rainfall trend changes , flood discharge determination by manning , fuller , SCS methods and flood hydrograph in different return period , determined flood situation in watershed , after that with investigation of ground water level changes, determined rainfall changes effects on ground water changes in study area using correlation coefficient in lag time 0,1,2,3,4,5, and 6 monthly for recent years (2000-2003) in 36 month duration .Result shoes that is a significant relationship between rainfall and ground water level changes in study area, and it can be described that a for majoring of station is a 3 monthly lag time from rainfall occurrence to ground water changes. Additional, common trend of ground water level changes has a Descending status.
Keywords: Wet and dry periods, Piesometric level reduction, ground water, Bouin plain watershed, Iran.

In order to optimize the usage of water in agriculture, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems, especially those of surface irrigation. One of the steps to be made to achieve this goal is the optimal design of surface irrigation. It this article the design variables of furrow irrigation, that includes length of furrow, inflow rate and irrigation time (time of cutoff), were calculated to minimize the irrigation costs, the objective function, and to obtain a maximum application efficiency. The objective function encompasses water, labor, head ditch and furrow digging (ditch constructions) costs. Labor cost is irrigation time's function and the latter is dependent on water advance period in the furrows. Therefore, it is necessary for the objective function to apply explicit and accurate equation in order to calculate time of advance. Because in none of the accurate methods for furrow irrigation design, such as zero-inertia modeling, the advance time is explicitly calculated, therefore in this research the equation obtained by Valiantzas, which he extracted from the results of zero-inertia modeling, was used. In the objective function in addition to the design variables the specifications of soil, furrow and net irrigation requirement also exist. Therefore, it is possible to calculate design variables and afterwards the irrigation efficiency for different soil types and plant types. In this article this task was performed with different soil types and in accordance with different requirements for irrigation and the results are presented in the tables.

In many regions in Iran, groundwater is withdrawn in an exceeded manner. In more than 200 plainsfrom 620 plainsin this country, the level of groundwater is declining. Since 1972, artificial feeding projects have become a major concern with the objective of maintaining the balance of groundwater. As to the structure and construct, it can be claimed that the most common methods of artificial feeding structures the basin and earthworks applied. The water price per m³varies in various areas, whilein the West of Iran, where due to high precipitation water abundance is prevailing, thus, lower price compared to arid and semi-arid areas. According to this study, the average price of extracted water per m³ is about 500 Rls. The findings of this study indicate that, in many aquifers (about 200 aquifers) the groundwater withdrawal should be reduced. The artificial feeding projects should be implemented in areas that have been subject to study and are economically efficient. It is recommended to consider the issues related with hydrogeology and hydrology in these studies and to discharge the sediments periodically in order to enhance the efficiency of the projects. Since the aquifers are very deep in Iran,by considering the volume of pores, the feeding should be in a volume that it may increase the groundwater level.

The flow duration curve (FDC) of a riveris one of the important parameters for the hydrological investigation of hydroelectric plants. Computation of the hydroelectric plant capacity and power production requires the determination of relative and cumulative frequenciesof different river discharges. Ab-Terki is one of the sub-basins of Bazoft River, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, next to Koohrang basin. It is located between eastern longitudes of 49ᵒ54' to 50ᵒ 5' and northern latitudes of 32ᵒ 19' to 32ᵒ 24'. Morphological conditions, sloping limestone structures, and characteristics of karstic cracks in the basin have led to the formation of large springs in the eastern and western foothills of Zardkooh Mountain. In order to determine the FDCs of Ab-Terki River,3-year daily discharge and 24-year mean monthly discharge of Gooshe-pol station were used. Then, the probabilities of discharges were analyzed using Hyfa and Rank Plot numerical codes and finally, the discharge of Ab-Terki River corresponding to 95% probability was determined.

Erg of Gavkhooni Playa is one of the important geomorphologic landforms of Quaternary period in Iran. The area is located on the western part of Gaovkhoni Playa and 140 km to the Southeast of Isfahan, Iran. This study presents a display of landform of Erg and the area has been divided into three parts (NorthCentral and South). The objective of this study is to identify geomorphologic facieses by GIS t and RS. The research method is a processing technique such as basis analyzing, a composite of panchromatic band with multi-spectral band, to examine line spectral curved, to examine optimum composites using an enhancement method such as filtering and contrast. As a result, to display sand landforms and geomorphologic facieses such as Barkhan, Safe, Star hill, playa’s facieses, Skirt and Delta, Sand Zone and the sediment between the hills and geomorphologic landform map are based on Erg of Gavkhoni Playa and geomorphologic facieses of the area. 

Keywords:
Erg Govkhooni Playa, Erg morphology, land sat images, geomorphologic map.

Contrary to Euclidean geometrical figures, fractals are chaotic and randomly generated. These figures are chaotic in all parts and this chaos is similar in all scales. The current study is aimed to investigate relative humidity using fractal dynamism of geomorphic filed of Shiraz Province. Then, climate elements are analyzed to separate the geomorphic filed of the whole region. Ultimately, algebraic analysis tries to examine tension between geoclimatic elements including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. at the mentioned stage, the effect of tension on relative humidity is evaluated since 40-year statistics have shown that any of the mentioned elements have the ability to combined spin. Therefore, structures of the mentioned elements help climatic indices to stay in thermodynamic equilibrium. Results have shown that fractal changes of humidity in cybernetics along with geomorphic condition of Shiraz district may distort Bakhtegan geomorphic balance. On the other hand, according to fractal status of relative humidity in terms of material and energy balance, the mentioned domain may get unbalanced under the effect of Fasa geomorphic domain and then move towards Persian Gulf base-level. 

Keywords:

Fractal, Relative humidity, Domain, Shiraz geomorphic domain

The flow duration curve (FDC) of a riveris one of the important parameters for the hydrological investigation of hydroelectric plants. Computation of the hydroelectric plant capacity and power production requires the determination of relative and cumulative frequenciesof different river discharges. Ab-Terki is one of the sub-basins of Bazoft River, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, next to Koohrang basin. It is located between eastern longitudes of 49ᵒ54' to 50ᵒ 5' and northern latitudes of 32ᵒ 19' to 32ᵒ 24'. Morphological conditions, sloping limestone structures, and characteristics of karstic cracks in the basin have led to the formation of large springs in the eastern and western foothills of Zardkooh Mountain. In order to determine the FDCs of Ab-Terki River,3-year daily discharge and 24-year mean monthly discharge of Gooshe-pol station were used. Then, the probabilities of discharges were analyzed using Hyfa and Rank Plot numerical codes and ...